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5 U.S.C. 706, scope of review
Legal Information Institute · 2026-09-18
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<h1 class="title" id="page_title"> 5 U.S. Code § 706 - Scope of review </h1>
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<span class="chapeau indent0">To the extent necessary to decision and when presented, the reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the terms of an <a aria-label="Definitions - agency action" class="colorbox-load definedterm" href="/definitions/uscode.php?width=840&height=800&iframe=true&def_id=5-USC-440128847-665156451&term_occur=999&term_src=title:5:part:I:chapter:7:section:706">agency action</a>. The reviewing court shall—</span>
<div class="paragraph indent1"><a name="1"></a><span class="num" value="1">(1)</span>
<div class="content"> compel <a aria-label="Definitions - agency action" class="colorbox-load definedterm" href="/definitions/uscode.php?width=840&height=800&iframe=true&def_id=5-USC-440128847-665156451&term_occur=999&term_src=title:5:part:I:chapter:7:section:706">agency action</a> unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed; and</div>
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<div class="paragraph indent1"><a name="2"></a><span class="num" value="2">(2)</span><span class="chapeau"> hold unlawful and set aside <a aria-label="Definitions - agency action" class="colorbox-load definedterm" href="/definitions/uscode.php?width=840&height=800&iframe=true&def_id=5-USC-440128847-665156451&term_occur=999&term_src=title:5:part:I:chapter:7:section:706">agency action</a>, findings, and conclusions found to be—</span>
<div class="subparagraph indent2"><a name="2_A"></a><span class="num" value="A">(A)</span>
<div class="content"> arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law;</div>
</div>
<div class="subparagraph indent2"><a name="2_B"></a><span class="num" value="B">(B)</span>
<div class="content"> contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity;</div>
</div>
<div class="subparagraph indent2"><a name="2_C"></a><span class="num" value="C">(C)</span>
<div class="content"> in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory right;</div>
</div>
<div class="subparagraph indent2"><a name="2_D"></a><span class="num" value="D">(D)</span>
<div class="content"> without observance of procedure required by law;</div>
</div>
<div class="subparagraph indent2"><a name="2_E"></a><span class="num" value="E">(E)</span>
<div class="content"> unsupported by substantial evidence in a case subject to sections <a href="/uscode/text/5/556">556</a> and <a href="/uscode/text/5/557">557</a> of this title or otherwise reviewed on the record of an<a aria-label="Definitions - agency " class="colorbox-load definedterm" href="/definitions/uscode.php?width=840&height=800&iframe=true&def_id=5-USC-1419699195-665156450&term_occur=999&term_src=title:5:part:I:chapter:7:section:706"> agency </a>hearing provided by statute; or</div>
</div>
<div class="subparagraph indent2"><a name="2_F"></a><span class="num" value="F">(F)</span>
<div class="content"> unwarranted by the facts to the extent that the facts are subject to trial de novo by the reviewing court.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="continuation indent0 firstIndent0">In making the foregoing determinations, the court shall review the whole record or those parts of it cited by a party, and due account shall be taken of the <a aria-label="Definitions - rule" class="colorbox-load definedterm" href="/definitions/uscode.php?width=840&height=800&iframe=true&def_id=5-USC-3512060-665156451&term_occur=999&term_src=title:5:part:I:chapter:7:section:706">rule</a> of prejudicial error.</div>
<div class="sourceCredit">(<a href="/rio/citation/Pub._L._89-554">Pub. L. 89–554</a>, <span class="date" date="1966-09-06">Sept. 6, 1966</span>, <a href="/rio/citation/80_Stat._393">80 Stat. 393</a>.)</div>
</div>
</div></text>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane" id="tab_default_2">
<!-- 'notes' content area -->
<notes><div class="notes">
</div><div class="notes">
<div class="note" topic="historicalAndRevision">
<div class="table-responsive">
<table aria-labelledby="table_1_section_706_notes_th" class="HNR">
<colgroup>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="title" id="table_1_section_706_notes_th">
<th colspan="3">
<p><span>Historical and Revision Notes</span></p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="header">
<th>
<p><em>Derivation</em></p>
</th>
<th>
<p><em>U.S. Code</em></p>
</th>
<th>
<p><em>Revised Statutes and</em></p>
<p><em>Statutes at Large</em></p>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="leaders"></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/1009#e" old_href="/us/usc/t5/s1009/e" refid="lii:usc:t:5:s:1009:e" type="usc">5 U.S.C. 1009(e)</a>.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="" old_href="/us/act/1946-06-11/ch324/s10/e" refid="" type="act">June 11, 1946, ch. 324, § 10(e)</a>, <a href="/rio/citation/60_Stat._243" old_href="/us/stat/60/243" refid="60-243" type="stat">60 Stat. 243</a>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Standard changes are made to conform with the definitions applicable and the style of this title as outlined in the preface of this report.</p>
</div>
<div class="note" topic="statutoryNotes"><span class="heading centered"><strong>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</strong></span></div>
<div class="note" topic="miscellaneous"><span class="heading centered smallCaps">Abbreviation of Record</span>
<p><a href="/rio/citation/Pub._L._85-791">Pub. L. 85–791</a>, <span class="date" date="1958-08-28">Aug. 28, 1958</span>, <a href="/rio/citation/72_Stat._941">72 Stat. 941</a>, which authorized abbreviation of record on review or enforcement of<a aria-label="Definitions - orders " class="colorbox-load definedterm" href="/definitions/uscode.php?width=840&height=800&iframe=true&def_id=5-USC-106006350-665156451&term_occur=999&term_src="> orders </a>of administrative agencies and review on the original papers, provided, in section 35 thereof, that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] shall not be construed to repeal or modify any provision of the <a href="/topn/administrative_procedure_act">Administrative Procedure Act</a> [see Short Title note set out preceding <a href="/uscode/text/5/551">section 551 of this title</a>].”</p>
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</div></notes>
</div>
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<th scope="col">CFR Title</th>
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</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>
<a href="/cfr/text/5/part-251" title="PART 251—AGENCY RELATIONSHIPS WITH ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTING FEDERAL EMPLOYEES AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS">
251
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td>
<a href="/cfr/text/12/part-1209" title="PART 1209—RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE">
1209
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21</td>
<td>
<a href="/cfr/text/21/part-10" title="PART 10—ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES">
10
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>46</td>
<td>
<a href="/cfr/text/46/part-501" title="PART 501—THE FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION—GENERAL">
501
</a>
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