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US Co-Orbital Anti-satellite Testing Fact Sheet

Secure World Foundation · 2026-06-12

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<!DOCTYPE html><!-- Last Published: Wed Sep 02 2026 20:24:34 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time) --><html data-wf-domain="www.swfound.org" data-wf-page="66eb48b774f81906b1fc9ff4" data-wf-site="66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1" lang="en" data-wf-collection="66eb48b674f81906b1fc9fae" data-wf-item-slug="u-s-co-orbital-anti-satellite-testing-fact-sheet"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><link href="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="anonymous"/><title>Secure World Foundation: US Co-Orbital Anti-satellite Testing Fact Sheet</title><meta content="The United States conducted one co-orbital intercept test in 1986 with the Delta 180 experiment as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). The United States has conducted multiple tests of technologies for close approach and rendezvous in both low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geostationary Orbit (GEO), along with tracking, targeting, and hit-to-kill (HTK) intercept technologies that could lead to a co-orbital anti-satellite (ASAT) capability. These tests and demonstrations were conducted for other non-offensive missions, such as missile defense, on-orbit inspections, and satellite servicing, and the United States does not have an acknowledged program to develop co-orbital capabilities. However, the United States possesses the technological capability to develop a co-orbital capability in a short period of time if it chooses to. If the United States moves ahead with its planned Golden Dome missile defense architecture, the space-based interceptors that would be part of such a program could provide a co-orbital capability." name="description"/><meta content="Secure World Foundation: US Co-Orbital Anti-satellite Testing Fact Sheet" property="og:title"/><meta content="The United States conducted one co-orbital intercept test in 1986 with the Delta 180 experiment as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). The United States has conducted multiple tests of technologies for close approach and rendezvous in both low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geostationary Orbit (GEO), along with tracking, targeting, and hit-to-kill (HTK) intercept technologies that could lead to a co-orbital anti-satellite (ASAT) capability. These tests and demonstrations were conducted for other non-offensive missions, such as missile defense, on-orbit inspections, and satellite servicing, and the United States does not have an acknowledged program to develop co-orbital capabilities. However, the United States possesses the technological capability to develop a co-orbital capability in a short period of time if it chooses to. If the United States moves ahead with its planned Golden Dome missile defense architecture, the space-based interceptors that would be part of such a program could provide a co-orbital capability." property="og:description"/><meta content="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66dcc6872f6ed23bce1db235/684064eb827018860dad864d_Co-Orbital.jpg" property="og:image"/><meta content="Secure World Foundation: US Co-Orbital Anti-satellite Testing Fact Sheet" name="twitter:title"/><meta content="The United States conducted one co-orbital intercept test in 1986 with the Delta 180 experiment as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). The United States has conducted multiple tests of technologies for close approach and rendezvous in both low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geostationary Orbit (GEO), along with tracking, targeting, and hit-to-kill (HTK) intercept technologies that could lead to a co-orbital anti-satellite (ASAT) capability. These tests and demonstrations were conducted for other non-offensive missions, such as missile defense, on-orbit inspections, and satellite servicing, and the United States does not have an acknowledged program to develop co-orbital capabilities. However, the United States possesses the technological capability to develop a co-orbital capability in a short period of time if it chooses to. If the United States moves ahead with its planned Golden Dome missile defense architecture, the space-based interceptors that would be part of such a program could provide a co-orbital capability." name="twitter:description"/><meta content="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66dcc6872f6ed23bce1db235/684064eb827018860dad864d_Co-Orbital.jpg" name="twitter:image"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta content="summary_large_image" name="twitter:card"/><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"/><meta content="NtmgLIMUBRiMYsY7W0r3b1FDCmsbtSXRBvjGdUtEEYU" name="google-site-verification"/><link href="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/css/secure-world-foundation.webflow.shared.d777973f4.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" integrity="sha384-13eXP0ogNvL1tKsf55jQ5+BlEBMLZECqNIhWa9rBi6pDg+7rSQoU0+/GH+e9fUJi" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com" rel="preconnect"/><link href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="anonymous"/><script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/webfont/1.6.26/webfont.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">WebFont.load({  google: {    families: ["Noto Sans:300,400,500,600,700"]  }});</script><script type="text/javascript">!function(o,c){var n=c.documentElement,t=" w-mod-";n.className+=t+"js",("ontouchstart"in o||o.DocumentTouch&&c instanceof DocumentTouch)&&(n.className+=t+"touch")}(window,document);</script><link href="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66d62a4cf0c8f60276ff8076_Favicon%20-Small.png" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon"/><link href="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66d62a51f0c8f60276ff82e3_Favicon%20-%20Webclip.png" rel="apple-touch-icon"/><link href="https://www.swfound.org/publications-and-reports/u-s-co-orbital-anti-satellite-testing-fact-sheet" rel="canonical"/><link href="rss.xml" rel="alternate" title="RSS Feed" type="application/rss+xml"/><!-- Start cookieyes banner -->

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/* Date Picker
*/

.date-picker-input.w-input[readonly]{
	background-color: var(--background-color--background-base);
  pointer-events: auto;
  border-color: var(--border-color--border-default);
}

.date-picker-input.w-input[readonly]:hover,
.date-picker-input.w-input[readonly]:focus {
	background-color: var(--background-color--background-neutral-darker) !important;
  border-color: var(--border-color--border-default) !important;
}

.date-picker-input{
	min-width: 200px;
	padding-right: 2rem;
	background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-size: 18px;
  background-position: center right 8px;
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='14' height='15' viewBox='0 0 14 15' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M3.5 1.625C3.5 1.16016 3.88281 0.75 4.375 0.75C4.83984 0.75 5.25 1.16016 5.25 1.625V2.5H8.75V1.625C8.75 1.16016 9.13281 0.75 9.625 0.75C10.0898 0.75 10.5 1.16016 10.5 1.625V2.5H11.8125C12.5234 2.5 13.125 3.10156 13.125 3.8125V5.125H0.875V3.8125C0.875 3.10156 1.44922 2.5 2.1875 2.5H3.5V1.625ZM13.125 6V13.4375C13.125 14.1758 12.5234 14.75 11.8125 14.75H2.1875C1.44922 14.75 0.875 14.1758 0.875 13.4375V6H13.125Z' fill='%23FAFAFA'/%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A");
}

.flatpickr-calendar{
	border-radius: 12px !important;
  background-color: var(--background-color--background-primary) !important;
  border: none !important;
  overflow: hidden !important;
  box-shadow: none !important;
  -webkit-box-shadow: none !important;
  width: auto !important;
  max-width: 100%;
  
}

.flatpickr-rContainer{
	padding: 8px !important;
}

@media (max-width: 330px) {
  .flatpickr-rContainer{
	padding: 0px !important;
}
}

.flatpickr-calendar .flatpickr-months{
	align-items: center !important;
}

.flatpickr-calendar .flatpickr-month{
	background-color: var(--base-color-semantics--secondary) !important;
  color: black;
  padding: 12px !important;
  font-style: normal !important;
	font-weight: 500 !important;
  font-size: 14px !important;
  height: auto !important;
  min-height: 46px;
  
}

.flatpickr-calendar .flatpickr-month .flatpickr-current-month{
	padding-top: 0 !important;
}

.flatpickr-monthDropdown-months, .numInput{
	font-style: normal !important;
	font-weight: 500 !important;
  font-size: 14px !important;
}

.flatpickr-months .flatpickr-prev-month, .flatpickr-months .flatpickr-next-month{
	display: flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  height: 46px !important;
}

.flatpickr-months .flatpickr-prev-month:hover svg, .flatpickr-months .flatpickr-next-month:hover svg{
	fill: var(--background-color--background-primary) !important;
}

span.flatpickr-weekday, .flatpickr-day{
	color: var(--text-color--text-alternate) !important;
}

.flatpickr-day.flatpickr-disabled, .flatpickr-day.flatpickr-disabled:hover{
	opacity: 0.3;
}

.flatpickr-day{
	line-height: 37px !important;
  border-radius: 14px !important;
  border: none !important;
}

.flatpickr-day:hover{
	background-color: var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
  color: #fff !important;
  border: none !important;
}

.flatpickr-day.today {
    border: none !important;
    background-color: var(--background-color--background-focus) !important; 
}

.flatpickr-day.selected{
	background-color: var(--background-color--background-secondary) !important;
}

.flatpickr-day.selected.startRange{
	background-color: var(--background-color--background-secondary) !important;
  background: var(--background-color--background-secondary) !important;
  border-top-right-radius: 0 !important;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 0 !important;
}

.flatpickr-day.selected.endRange{
	background-color: var(--background-color--background-secondary) !important;
  background: var(--background-color--background-secondary) !important;
  border-top-left-radius: 0 !important;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 0 !important;
}

.flatpickr-day.startRange{
	background-color: var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
  background: var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
  border-top-right-radius: 0 !important;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 0 !important;
}

.flatpickr-day.endRange{
	background-color: var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
  background: var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
  border-top-left-radius: 0 !important;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 0 !important;
}

.flatpickr-day.inRange{
	background-color: var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
  background: var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
  color: #fff !important;
  border-radius: 0 !important;
  border: none !important;
  -webkit-box-shadow: -5px 0 0 var(--background-color--background-base), 5px 0 0 var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
    box-shadow: -5px 0 0 var(--background-color--background-base), 5px 0 0 var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
}

.flatpickr-day.selected.startRange + .endRange:not(:nth-child(7n+1)), .flatpickr-day.startRange.startRange + .endRange:not(:nth-child(7n+1)), .flatpickr-day.endRange.startRange + .endRange:not(:nth-child(7n+1)) {
    -webkit-box-shadow: -10px 0 0 var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
    box-shadow: -10px 0 0 var(--background-color--background-base) !important;
    border-radius: 0 !important;
}

.flatpickr-months .flatpickr-prev-month.flatpickr-disabled, .flatpickr-months .flatpickr-next-month.flatpickr-disabled {
    display: none !important;
}


/* Summit Agenda */
.agenda_tab-link{
	transition: all .2s ease-in-out;
  border-right: 4px solid transparent;
}

.agenda_tab-link:hover{
	background-color: var(--base-color-semantics--focus);
  cursor: pointer;
  position: relative;
}

.agenda_tab-link.w--current{
	background-color: var(--base-color-semantics--focus);
  border-right: 4px solid var(--base-color-semantics--secondary);
  cursor: initial;
}

@media (max-width: 991px) {
  .agenda_tab-link{
    transition: all .2s ease-in-out;
    border-bottom: 4px solid transparent;
    border-right: none !important;
  }
    .agenda_tab-link.w--current{
    background-color: var(--base-color-semantics--dark);
    border-bottom: 4px solid var(--base-color-semantics--secondary);
    border-right: none !important
  }
}

.agenda_tabs-menu{
	position: relative;
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
  .agenda_tabs-menu:before{
    content: '';
    height: 100%;
    top:0;
    right: 100%;
    bottom: 0;
    position: absolute;
    width: 50vw;
    z-index:0;
    background-color: var(--base-color-semantics--focus);
  }
  .agenda_tab-link:hover:before{
	background-color: var(--base-color-semantics--focus);
  content: '';
    height: 100%;
    top:0;
    right: 100%;
    bottom: 0;
    position: absolute;
    width: 50vw;
    z-index:0;
}
  
}


/* Member page */
.member-area-item::after {
  content: ' / ';
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 1em;
}
.member-area-item:last-child::after {
  content: '';
}

</style></div><article class="main-wrapper"><div class="global-navigation"><div class="banner_component"><div class="container-large"></div></div><div data-animation="default" class="navbar w-nav" data-easing2="ease" fs-scrolldisable-element="smart-nav" data-easing="ease" data-collapse="medium" data-w-id="2b94c2b2-0a34-908a-0415-b59f7104287f" role="banner" data-duration="400"><div class="container-large"><div class="navbar_container"><a href="/" class="navbar6_logo-link w-nav-brand"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66cf8c22fd46d61b26e3e7b2_SWF-Logo-alt.svg" alt="Secure World Foundation Logo Alternative Color" class="navbar_logo"/></a><nav role="navigation" class="navbar_menu w-nav-menu"><div class="navbar_menu-mobile-search"><div class="padding-search-mobile-menu"><form action="/search" class="input_search-mobile-wrapper margin-0 w-form"><input class="input_search-mobile-input shadow-large w-input" maxlength="256" name="query" placeholder="Search for reports,..." type="search" id="search-2" required=""/><input type="submit" class="input_search-mobile-submit button is-small w-button" value="Search"/></form></div></div><div class="navbar_menu-left"><a href="/news" class="navbar_link w-nav-link">News &amp; Media</a><div data-delay="300" data-hover="false" data-w-id="c8fe2637-12e6-e12a-30b0-acf8387a961c" class="navbar_menu-dropdown w-dropdown"><div class="navbar_dropdown-toggle w-dropdown-toggle"><div>About</div><div class="dropdown-chevron w-embed"><svg width="10" height="6" viewBox="0 0 10 6" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path d="M4.49353 5.00391L0.99353 1.50391C0.747437 1.25781 0.665405 0.875 0.802124 0.546875C0.938843 0.21875 1.26697 0 1.62244 0H8.62244C8.97791 0 9.27869 0.21875 9.41541 0.546875C9.55212 0.875 9.47009 1.25781 9.224 1.50391L5.724 5.00391C5.39587 5.35938 4.82166 5.35938 4.49353 5.00391Z" fill="currentColor"/>
</svg></div></div><nav class="navbar_dropdown-list w-dropdown-list"><div class="navbar_container"><div class="navbar_dropdown-content"><div class="navbar_dropdown-content-left"><div class="navbar_dropdown-content-card-wrapper"><div class="navbar_dropdown-content-card-layer padding-medium"><div class="navbar_dropdown-content-card"><h4 class="text-size-small text-weight-semibold text-color-white">About</h4><div class="margin-bottom margin-small"><div class="text-weight-semibold heading-style-h6 text-color-white">Learn more about Secure World Foundation</div></div></div></div><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66d0c7951c6bf04557d36361_card-placeholder.avif" loading="lazy" alt="" class="navbar_dropdown-card_image"/></div></div><div class="navbar_dropdown-content-right"><div class="navbar_dropdown-link-list"><div class="navbar_group-title"><p class="text-size-small">Overview</p></div><div class="navbar_dropdown-group-link"><a id="w-node-_0d83a58a-22a4-7786-f1fc-d668962640a1-962640a1" href="/our-vision-and-story" class="navbar_dropdown-link w-inline-block"><div class="navbar6_icon-wrapper"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66d75ac897a0c14fc41c485f_earth-icon.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="icon-arrow-button"/></div><div class="navbar6_item-right"><div>Our Vision and Story</div></div></a><a id="w-node-_0d83a58a-22a4-7786-f1fc-d668962640a1-962640a1" href="/about-us" class="navbar_dropdown-link w-inline-block"><div class="navbar6_icon-wrapper"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66d75ac8a129ec916d981ac8_earth3-icon.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="icon-arrow-button"/></div><div class="navbar6_item-right"><div>About Us</div></div></a><a id="w-node-_0d83a58a-22a4-7786-f1fc-d668962640a1-962640a1" href="/our-team" class="navbar_dropdown-link w-inline-block"><div class="navbar6_icon-wrapper"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66d75ac8d02ca199c5bb9fbc_users-icon.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="icon-arrow-button"/></div><div class="navbar6_item-right"><div>Our Team</div></div></a></div></div><div class="navbar_dropdown-link-list"><div class="navbar_group-title"><p class="text-size-small">Get Involved</p></div><div class="navbar_dropdown-group-link"><a id="w-node-_0d83a58a-22a4-7786-f1fc-d668962640a1-962640a1" href="/contact-us" class="navbar_dropdown-link w-inline-block"><div class="navbar6_icon-wrapper"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66fea59425a2da0b2d667726_phone.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="icon-arrow-button"/></div><div class="navbar6_item-right"><div>Contact Us</div></div></a><a id="w-node-_0d83a58a-22a4-7786-f1fc-d668962640a1-962640a1" href="/opportunities-at-swf" class="navbar_dropdown-link w-inline-block"><div class="navbar6_icon-wrapper"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66d75ac800e34c781c8139a6_handshake.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="icon-arrow-button"/></div><div class="navbar6_item-right"><div>Opportunities</div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div data-delay="300" data-hover="false" data-w-id="c8fe2637-12e6-e12a-30b0-acf8387a9649" class="navbar_menu-dropdown w-dropdown"><nav class="navbar_dropdown-list w-dropdown-list"><div class="navbar_container"><div class="navbar_dropdown-content"><div class="navbar_dropdown-content-left"><div class="navbar_dropdown-content-card-wrapper"><div class="navbar_dropdown-content-card-layer padding-medium"><div class="navbar_dropdown-content-card"><h4 class="text-size-small text-weight-semibold text-color-white">Reports</h4><div class="margin-bottom margin-small"><div class="text-weight-semibold heading-style-h6 text-color-white">Explore our extensive library of reports</div></div><a href="#" class="button is-small is-icon w-inline-block"><div>View All Reports</div><div class="icon-arrow-button w-embed"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path d="M13.75 7.5625L8.25 12.8125C7.9375 13.0938 7.46875 13.0938 7.1875 12.7812C6.90625 12.4688 6.90625 12 7.21875 11.7188L11.375 7.75H0.75C0.3125 7.75 0 7.4375 0 7C0 6.59375 0.3125 6.25 0.75 6.25H11.375L7.21875 2.3125C6.90625 2.03125 6.90625 1.53125 7.1875 1.25C7.46875 0.9375 7.96875 0.9375 8.25 1.21875L13.75 6.46875C13.9062 6.625 14 6.8125 14 7C14 7.21875 13.9062 7.40625 13.75 7.5625Z" fill="currentColor"/>
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<path d="M9.5 2H13.375C13.75 2 14.1562 2.1875 14.4375 2.46875L16.5312 4.5625C16.8125 4.84375 17 5.25 17 5.625V12.5C17 13.3438 16.3125 14 15.5 14H9.5C8.65625 14 8 13.3438 8 12.5V3.5C8 2.6875 8.65625 2 9.5 2ZM4.5 6H7V8H5V16H11V15H13V16.5C13 17.3438 12.3125 18 11.5 18H4.5C3.65625 18 3 17.3438 3 16.5V7.5C3 6.6875 3.65625 6 4.5 6Z" fill="currentColor"/>
</svg></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66dcc6872f6ed23bce1db235/684064eb827018860dad864d_Co-Orbital.jpg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="publication-header-img-right"/></header><div class="section-publication-content"><div class="padding-global"><div class="container-medium"><div class="padding-section-medium section-is-always-medium"><div class="publication-header-content-wrapper-left publication-body-width-override"><div class="text-rich-text w-richtext"><p>This fact sheet examines U.S. co-orbital anti-satellite testing and explains how the United States has developed many of the underlying technologies for co-orbital counterspace capabilities without maintaining an acknowledged dedicated program. It outlines the basic concept of co-orbital anti-satellite weapons and shows how close approach, rendezvous, targeting, and hit-to-kill technologies can support either non-offensive missions such as missile defense, satellite inspection, and servicing or, if adapted, offensive counterspace operations.</p><p>The document begins with the historical roots of U.S. co-orbital anti-satellite thinking, including Project SAINT, a Cold War Air Force effort that started as a satellite inspector concept but was also intended to evolve into a weapon system. It then focuses on the 1986 Delta 180 experiment, the only known U.S. co-orbital intercept test in space, which demonstrated tracking, guidance, and control for a space intercept and resulted in a successful collision in low Earth orbit. That test remains the clearest public example of a U.S. co-orbital intercept capability in practice.</p><p>The fact sheet also makes clear that current U.S. capabilities are better understood as dual-use building blocks than as an operational co-orbital anti-satellite force. It points to missions such as Prowler, XSS-11, and the Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program as examples of successful U.S. rendezvous and proximity operations in both low Earth orbit and geostationary orbit. These activities support space situational awareness, on-orbit inspection, and satellite servicing, but they also show that the United States retains the technical foundation to move toward a co-orbital capability if it chooses. The document notes that future systems tied to missile defense plans such as Golden Dome could deepen those concerns if space-based interceptors are deployed.</p><p>For readers following counterspace capabilities, missile defense, and military space technology, this fact sheet provides a concise overview of U.S. co-orbital anti-satellite testing and the broader technical base that surrounds it. It is especially useful for understanding how satellite inspection, rendezvous and proximity operations, missile defense architecture, and space security continue to overlap in U.S. space policy and military planning.</p></div><div class="publication-indicator-alert w-condition-invisible"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66ec9f376a2983bcdb41aa29_indicator-info-icon.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="indicator-info-img"/><div class="w-dyn-bind-empty"></div></div><div class="margin-top margin-editors-collection"><div class="margin-top margin-xsmall w-dyn-list"><div role="list" class="keywords-collection-list w-dyn-items"><div role="listitem" class="keyword-item w-dyn-item"><div class="text-size-small">ASAT (Anti-Satellite Weapons)</div></div><div role="listitem" class="keyword-item w-dyn-item"><div class="text-size-small">Counterspace</div></div><div role="listitem" class="keyword-item w-dyn-item"><div class="text-size-small">Space Security</div></div><div role="listitem" class="keyword-item w-dyn-item"><div class="text-size-small">Space Situational Awareness</div></div><div role="listitem" class="keyword-item w-dyn-item"><div class="text-size-small">Orbital Debris</div></div><div role="listitem" class="keyword-item w-dyn-item"><div class="text-size-small">Space Policy </div></div><div role="listitem" class="keyword-item w-dyn-item"><div class="text-size-small">Space Governance</div></div></div></div></div><div class="share-wrapper-mobile"><div class="publication-summary-card"><div class="text-size-small text-weight-medium text-color-white text-align-center">Share on Social Media</div><div class="card-social-share-wrapper"><a fs-socialshare-element="LinkedIn" href="#" class="button is-icon-only is-social-icon w-inline-block"><div class="icon-arrow-button w-embed"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg></div></div></div></div></a></div><div role="listitem" class="splide__slide w-dyn-item"><a href="/publications-and-reports/chinese-reusable-experimental-spacecraft-fact-sheet" class="card background-color-primary text-color-alternate card-publication is-publication-card w-inline-block"><div class="card-header radius-medium"><div class="card-header-report-wrapper"><div class="card-header-left"><div class="background-color-secondary-3 radius-small card-header-tag"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66dcd7c72f6ed23bce2c9830_calendar-icon.svg" alt="Calendar Icon" class="card-header-tag-icon"/><div class="text-size-small-4">6/12/2026</div></div></div><div class="card-header-right"><div class="background-color-secondary-3 radius-small card-header-tag"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb751b7cc340164673614e_doc-icon.svg" alt="" class="card-header-tag-icon w-condition-invisible"/><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb8e8793b709e1be37d8ba_globe-dark-icon2.svg" alt="" class="card-header-tag-icon"/><div fs-cmsfilter-field="type" class="text-size-small-4">Fact Sheet</div></div></div></div></div><div class="card-body-report"><div class="card-title text-style-2lines text-color-white">Chinese Reusable Experimental Spacecraft Fact Sheet</div><div class="card-report-category"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb76a97cc340164674c11f_doc-light-icon.svg" alt="" class="card-category-icon"/><div fs-cmsfilter-field="category" class="text-color-alternate-2">Fact Sheet</div></div><div class="card-report-publication"><p class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">China’s “reusable experimental spacecraft” (Chongfu Shiyong Shiyan Hangtian Qi, or CSSHQ) is a technology demonstrator and experimental vehicle which is likely used for testing reusable space launch vehicle technologies, as well as on-orbit testing of new sensor technologies and satellite hardware for risk reduction. The CSSHQ has deployed a small satellite during each of its first three missions. It has demonstrated limited rendezvous and proximity operations with the satellites that it has released during its missions, but the spaceplane has near-zero feasibility as an orbital weapons system for attacking targets on the ground.</p></div><div class="hide"><p fs-cmsfilter-field="last-update" class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">Updated This Month</p><p fs-cmsfilter-field="last-update" class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">Not Updated This Month</p></div><div class="hide"><p fs-cmssort-field="sortdate">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.</p></div><div fs-cmsnest-collection="keywords" fs-cmsnest-element="nest-target" class="nested-tags-in-card"></div><div class="margin-top-auto"><div class="button is-link is-icon is-animated is-icon-right is-alternate"><div>Read Publication</div><div class="icon-arrow-button w-embed"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg></div></div></div></div></a></div><div role="listitem" class="splide__slide w-dyn-item"><a href="/publications-and-reports/2009-iridium-cosmos-collision-fact-sheet" class="card background-color-primary text-color-alternate card-publication is-publication-card w-inline-block"><div class="card-header radius-medium"><div class="card-header-report-wrapper"><div class="card-header-left"><div class="background-color-secondary-3 radius-small card-header-tag"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66dcd7c72f6ed23bce2c9830_calendar-icon.svg" alt="Calendar Icon" class="card-header-tag-icon"/><div class="text-size-small-4">11/10/2010</div></div></div><div class="card-header-right"><div class="background-color-secondary-3 radius-small card-header-tag"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb751b7cc340164673614e_doc-icon.svg" alt="" class="card-header-tag-icon"/><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb8e8793b709e1be37d8ba_globe-dark-icon2.svg" alt="" class="card-header-tag-icon w-condition-invisible"/><div fs-cmsfilter-field="type" class="text-size-small-4">Fact Sheet</div></div></div></div></div><div class="card-body-report"><div class="card-title text-style-2lines text-color-white">2009 Iridium-Cosmos Collision Fact Sheet</div><div class="card-report-category"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb76a97cc340164674c11f_doc-light-icon.svg" alt="" class="card-category-icon"/><div fs-cmsfilter-field="category" class="text-color-alternate-2">Fact Sheet</div></div><div class="card-report-publication"><p class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines w-dyn-bind-empty"></p></div><div class="hide"><p fs-cmsfilter-field="last-update" class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">Updated This Month</p><p fs-cmsfilter-field="last-update" class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">Not Updated This Month</p></div><div class="hide"><p fs-cmssort-field="sortdate">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.</p></div><div fs-cmsnest-collection="keywords" fs-cmsnest-element="nest-target" class="nested-tags-in-card"></div><div class="margin-top-auto"><div class="button is-link is-icon is-animated is-icon-right is-alternate"><div>Read Publication</div><div class="icon-arrow-button w-embed"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path d="M14.8086 8.21484L11.0898 11.9336C10.8164 12.207 10.4062 12.207 10.1602 11.9336C9.88672 11.6875 9.88672 11.2773 10.1602 11.0039L12.7578 8.40625H1.65625C1.27344 8.40625 1 8.13281 1 7.75C1 7.39453 1.27344 7.09375 1.65625 7.09375H12.7578L10.1602 4.49609C9.88672 4.25 9.88672 3.83984 10.1602 3.56641C10.4062 3.32031 10.8164 3.32031 11.0898 3.56641L14.8086 7.3125C15.0547 7.55859 15.0547 7.96875 14.8086 8.21484Z" fill="currentColor"/>
</svg></div></div></div></div></a></div><div role="listitem" class="splide__slide w-dyn-item"><a href="/publications-and-reports/russian-direct-ascent-anti-satellite-testing-fact-sheet" class="card background-color-primary text-color-alternate card-publication is-publication-card w-inline-block"><div class="card-header radius-medium"><div class="card-header-report-wrapper"><div class="card-header-left"><div class="background-color-secondary-3 radius-small card-header-tag"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66dcd7c72f6ed23bce2c9830_calendar-icon.svg" alt="Calendar Icon" class="card-header-tag-icon"/><div class="text-size-small-4">6/12/2026</div></div></div><div class="card-header-right"><div class="background-color-secondary-3 radius-small card-header-tag"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb751b7cc340164673614e_doc-icon.svg" alt="" class="card-header-tag-icon w-condition-invisible"/><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb8e8793b709e1be37d8ba_globe-dark-icon2.svg" alt="" class="card-header-tag-icon"/><div fs-cmsfilter-field="type" class="text-size-small-4">Fact Sheet</div></div></div></div></div><div class="card-body-report"><div class="card-title text-style-2lines text-color-white">Russian Direct Ascent Anti-satellite Testing Fact Sheet</div><div class="card-report-category"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb76a97cc340164674c11f_doc-light-icon.svg" alt="" class="card-category-icon"/><div fs-cmsfilter-field="category" class="text-color-alternate-2">Fact Sheet</div></div><div class="card-report-publication"><p class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">Russia has long had the potential for a direct-ascent anti-satellite (DA-ASAT) capability through its historical ballistic missile defense capabilities and has had DA-ASAT development programs in the past that never became fully operational. In November 2021, after more than a decade of development and testing, Russia successfully demonstrated a DA-ASAT capability against a LEO satellite. It is unclear whether this system, the Nudol, will become operational soon, and it does not appear to have the capability to threaten targets beyond LEO. Russia is thought to have two other possible DA-ASAT capabilities through 78M6 Kontakt: a Cold War-era air-launched ballistic missile that was designed to be launched from a fighter plane and was rumored to be in active development again; and S-500: a next-generation exoatmospheric ballistic missile defense system, still several years from deployment, that may have capabilities against targets in low LEO orbits.</p></div><div class="hide"><p fs-cmsfilter-field="last-update" class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">Updated This Month</p><p fs-cmsfilter-field="last-update" class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">Not Updated This Month</p></div><div class="hide"><p fs-cmssort-field="sortdate">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.</p></div><div fs-cmsnest-collection="keywords" fs-cmsnest-element="nest-target" class="nested-tags-in-card"></div><div class="margin-top-auto"><div class="button is-link is-icon is-animated is-icon-right is-alternate"><div>Read Publication</div><div class="icon-arrow-button w-embed"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path d="M14.8086 8.21484L11.0898 11.9336C10.8164 12.207 10.4062 12.207 10.1602 11.9336C9.88672 11.6875 9.88672 11.2773 10.1602 11.0039L12.7578 8.40625H1.65625C1.27344 8.40625 1 8.13281 1 7.75C1 7.39453 1.27344 7.09375 1.65625 7.09375H12.7578L10.1602 4.49609C9.88672 4.25 9.88672 3.83984 10.1602 3.56641C10.4062 3.32031 10.8164 3.32031 11.0898 3.56641L14.8086 7.3125C15.0547 7.55859 15.0547 7.96875 14.8086 8.21484Z" fill="currentColor"/>
</svg></div></div></div></div></a></div><div role="listitem" class="splide__slide w-dyn-item"><a href="/publications-and-reports/russian-co-orbital-anti-satellite-testing-fact-sheet" class="card background-color-primary text-color-alternate card-publication is-publication-card w-inline-block"><div class="card-header radius-medium"><div class="card-header-report-wrapper"><div class="card-header-left"><div class="background-color-secondary-3 radius-small card-header-tag"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66dcd7c72f6ed23bce2c9830_calendar-icon.svg" alt="Calendar Icon" class="card-header-tag-icon"/><div class="text-size-small-4">6/12/2026</div></div></div><div class="card-header-right"><div class="background-color-secondary-3 radius-small card-header-tag"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb751b7cc340164673614e_doc-icon.svg" alt="" class="card-header-tag-icon w-condition-invisible"/><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb8e8793b709e1be37d8ba_globe-dark-icon2.svg" alt="" class="card-header-tag-icon"/><div fs-cmsfilter-field="type" class="text-size-small-4">Fact Sheet</div></div></div></div></div><div class="card-body-report"><div class="card-title text-style-2lines text-color-white">Russian Co-orbital Anti-satellite Testing Fact Sheet</div><div class="card-report-category"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66cf82e93849a4f65e1e25d1/66eb76a97cc340164674c11f_doc-light-icon.svg" alt="" class="card-category-icon"/><div fs-cmsfilter-field="category" class="text-color-alternate-2">Fact Sheet</div></div><div class="card-report-publication"><p class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">Since 2010, Russia has been testing technologies for rendezvous and proximity operations (RPO) in both low Earth orbit (LEO) and geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) that could lead to or support a co-orbital anti-satellite (ASAT) capability, and some of those efforts have links to a Cold War-era LEO co-orbital ASAT program. Additional evidence suggests Russia may have started a new co-orbital ASAT program called Burevestnik, potentially supported by a surveillance and tracking program called Nivelir. The technologies developed by these programs could also be used for non-aggressive applications, including surveilling and inspecting foreign satellites, and most of the on-orbit RPO activities done to date match these missions. However, Russia has deployed two “sub-satellites” at high velocity, which suggests at least some of their LEO RPO activities are of a weapons nature.</p></div><div class="hide"><p fs-cmsfilter-field="last-update" class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">Updated This Month</p><p fs-cmsfilter-field="last-update" class="card-report-description-2 text-style-3lines">Not Updated This Month</p></div><div class="hide"><p fs-cmssort-field="sortdate">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.</p></div><div fs-cmsnest-collection="keywords" fs-cmsnest-element="nest-target" class="nested-tags-in-card"></div><div class="margin-top-auto"><div class="button is-link is-icon is-animated is-icon-right is-alternate"><div>Read Publication</div><div class="icon-arrow-button w-embed"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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