Canada's counter-tariffs on C$27.6 billion (about US$20 billion) of U.S. goods took effect September 8

Seventeen days from the U.S. duties to Canada's

What happened

On September 8, Canada began charging 15, 25, or 50 percent extra on C$27.6 billion of goods arriving from the United States, its answer to the 50 percent the United States had started charging on the same value of Canadian goods on August 22. A tariff is a tax collected at the border on an imported good, set as a share of the good's value. Finance Canada's release of August 25 set the terms: match the U.S. tariffs "dollar for dollar, rate for rate," and C$7.5 billion to help the workers and businesses hit by both sides' charges.⁸

• On September 8, Canada began charging 15, 25, or 50 percent extra on C$27.6 billion of goods arriving from the United States, its answer to the 50 percent the United States had started charging on the same value of Canadian goods on August 22. A tariff is a tax collected at the border on an imported good, set as a share of the good's value. Finance Canada's release of August 25 set the terms: match the U.S. tariffs "dollar for dollar, rate for rate," and C$7.5 billion to help the workers and businesses hit by both sides' charges.⁸

The American duties came from three proclamations Trump signed on July 20 under Section 338 of the Tariff Act of 1930, a law that lets a president add up to 50 percent when he finds another country discriminating against U.S. trade. One was built around alcohol, one around dairy, one around motor vehicles. The White House said the provinces had pulled U.S. alcohol from their store shelves, cutting those imports by about 81 percent, or $582 million, in a year, and that Canada's cheese import quotas treat Europe better than the United States. The duties were set for August 19; an August 18 proclamation moved them to August 22, and they took effect then.¹¹⁵

• The American duties came from three proclamations Trump signed on July 20 under Section 338 of the Tariff Act of 1930, a law that lets a president add up to 50 percent when he finds another country discriminating against U.S. trade. One was built around alcohol, one around dairy, one around motor vehicles. The White House said the provinces had pulled U.S. alcohol from their store shelves, cutting those imports by about 81 percent, or $582 million, in a year, and that Canada's cheese import quotas treat Europe better than the United States. The duties were set for August 19; an August 18 proclamation moved them to August 22, and they took effect then.¹¹⁵

Carney broke off the trade talks the evening of August 21 and announced the matching tariffs the next morning, saying Canada took the step "reluctantly" because "it will raise costs and reduce choice for Canadians." He said Canada had been ready to drop its remaining tariffs on steel, aluminum, and autos if Washington cut its own substantially, to press the provinces to put U.S. alcohol back on shelves, and to tighten how it runs its dairy, poultry, and egg quota system without changing the system. Sovereignty, French language and culture, and what he called key industries "were never on the table".⁷ The White House answered on August 25 that it had offered Canada "the most preferential market access of any country on Earth" and that Canada had answered with "unreasonable demands, walk-backs, and flat-out rejection."⁵⁹

• Carney broke off the trade talks the evening of August 21 and announced the matching tariffs the next morning, saying Canada took the step "reluctantly" because "it will raise costs and reduce choice for Canadians." He said Canada had been ready to drop its remaining tariffs on steel, aluminum, and autos if Washington cut its own substantially, to press the provinces to put U.S. alcohol back on shelves, and to tighten how it runs its dairy, poultry, and egg quota system without changing the system. Sovereignty, French language and culture, and what he called key industries "were never on the table".⁷
• The White House answered on August 25 that it had offered Canada "the most preferential market access of any country on Earth" and that Canada had answered with "unreasonable demands, walk-backs, and flat-out rejection."⁵⁹

Finance published its product list on August 25 with 874 tariff lines, a tariff line being one numbered entry in the customs list that classifies goods at the border. The version dated August 26 has 629. Between the two versions the whole fish and seafood category, 254 lines, was removed, and nine industrial products were added at 50 percent, among them wood charcoal, gypsum board, glass containers, and copper wire. The C$27.6 billion figure did not move, and Finance has not said why the list changed. Two days later a federal employment department release still listed fish and seafood among the goods facing the charge.⁹⁷¹

• Finance published its product list on August 25 with 874 tariff lines, a tariff line being one numbered entry in the customs list that classifies goods at the border. The version dated August 26 has 629. Between the two versions the whole fish and seafood category, 254 lines, was removed, and nine industrial products were added at 50 percent, among them wood charcoal, gypsum board, glass containers, and copper wire. The C$27.6 billion figure did not move, and Finance has not said why the list changed. Two days later a federal employment department release still listed fish and seafood among the goods facing the charge.⁹⁷¹

The charge became law on September 4 through two cabinet orders, signed by the Governor General on the finance minister's advice. One creates the 2026 surtax order, surtax being the Canadian legal word for the extra charge, with 335 items across the three rates; the other adds 294 steel and aluminum codes to the 2025 order. That is 629 codes, the same 629 as Finance's August 26 table. Goods already on their way to Canada on September 8 are exempt.¹⁰¹¹ The same Tuesday, Trump signed proclamations that go past duties to bans: from September 29, certain Canadian products, dairy and alcoholic beverages among them, may not enter the United States at all, which Section 338 allows once a president finds the discrimination continued. Seventeen days after the U.S. duties began, both countries were collecting, and the next American step is exclusion, not a higher rate.¹⁷

• The charge became law on September 4 through two cabinet orders, signed by the Governor General on the finance minister's advice. One creates the 2026 surtax order, surtax being the Canadian legal word for the extra charge, with 335 items across the three rates; the other adds 294 steel and aluminum codes to the 2025 order. That is 629 codes, the same 629 as Finance's August 26 table. Goods already on their way to Canada on September 8 are exempt.¹⁰¹¹
• The same Tuesday, Trump signed proclamations that go past duties to bans: from September 29, certain Canadian products, dairy and alcoholic beverages among them, may not enter the United States at all, which Section 338 allows once a president finds the discrimination continued. Seventeen days after the U.S. duties began, both countries were collecting, and the next American step is exclusion, not a higher rate.¹⁷

Two annual trade totals, and a three-rate list

Where this sits

The two countries traded about US$715 billion in goods in 2025. The Census Bureau counts US$333.6 billion of American goods going north and US$381.9 billion of Canadian goods coming south.⁵⁵ Statistics Canada, counting its own way, says Canada sold 5.8 percent less to the United States in 2025 than the year before and bought 2.9 percent less, and that the United States still took 71.7 percent of everything Canada exported, down from 75.9 percent in 2024.⁵⁸

• The two countries traded about US$715 billion in goods in 2025. The Census Bureau counts US$333.6 billion of American goods going north and US$381.9 billion of Canadian goods coming south.⁵⁵
• Statistics Canada, counting its own way, says Canada sold 5.8 percent less to the United States in 2025 than the year before and bought 2.9 percent less, and that the United States still took 71.7 percent of everything Canada exported, down from 75.9 percent in 2024.⁵⁸

Against those totals, the goods in this fight are a slice. Finance Canada's C$27.6 billion is about US$20 billion at the Bank of Canada's August 25 rate, and the U.S. Trade Representative put the American duties at "nearly $20 billion in imports from Canada".⁸³⁴ The White House fact sheet of July 20 names the rate, the law, and the three baskets, but no dollar figure.¹ What is not a slice is the rate. The listed lines pay 15, 25, or 50 percent of their value, in a trading relationship Canada's own spring update had described, before any of this, as "approximately 85% of our goods trade tariff-free," with an average Canadian tariff of 5.2 percent against a world average of 11.4.⁴⁶

• Against those totals, the goods in this fight are a slice. Finance Canada's C$27.6 billion is about US$20 billion at the Bank of Canada's August 25 rate, and the U.S. Trade Representative put the American duties at "nearly $20 billion in imports from Canada".⁸³⁴
• The White House fact sheet of July 20 names the rate, the law, and the three baskets, but no dollar figure.¹
• What is not a slice is the rate. The listed lines pay 15, 25, or 50 percent of their value, in a trading relationship Canada's own spring update had described, before any of this, as "approximately 85% of our goods trade tariff-free," with an average Canadian tariff of 5.2 percent against a world average of 11.4.⁴⁶

Section 338 had never been used. The Congressional Research Service wrote in February 2025 that the United States had never imposed tariffs under it, and no court has ruled on a Section 338 duty.²⁷ The July 20 proclamations came five months after the Supreme Court held, in Learning Resources v. Trump, that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the 1977 law the administration had used for its earlier tariffs, "does not authorize the President to impose tariffs."²⁸ The trade representative said that day that "alternative tools would be implemented" and named three of them; Section 338 was not on the list.²⁹ Besides the duty of up to 50 percent, the law lets the President declare that a country's products "shall be excluded from importation", and the September 8 proclamations use that power.³⁷

• Section 338 had never been used. The Congressional Research Service wrote in February 2025 that the United States had never imposed tariffs under it, and no court has ruled on a Section 338 duty.²⁷
• The July 20 proclamations came five months after the Supreme Court held, in Learning Resources v. Trump, that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the 1977 law the administration had used for its earlier tariffs, "does not authorize the President to impose tariffs."²⁸
• The trade representative said that day that "alternative tools would be implemented" and named three of them; Section 338 was not on the list.²⁹
• Besides the duty of up to 50 percent, the law lets the President declare that a country's products "shall be excluded from importation", and the September 8 proclamations use that power.³⁷

The law also sets a clock: new duties are levied "thirty days after the date of such proclamation".³⁷ The July 20 proclamations set August 19, 30 days later.² The September 8 changes make the newly added lines dutiable from September 15, 7 days after, on the strength of the President's power to amend an earlier proclamation.¹⁴

• The law also sets a clock: new duties are levied "thirty days after the date of such proclamation".³⁷
• The July 20 proclamations set August 19, 30 days later.²
• The September 8 changes make the newly added lines dutiable from September 15, 7 days after, on the strength of the President's power to amend an earlier proclamation.¹⁴

Finance's public list and the two cabinet orders are the same lines.³⁰ The U.S. July 20 annexes, counted the same way, run to 555 lines: 52 dairy, 63 alcohol, 440 in the motor-vehicles basket. An American tariff line and a Canadian tariff item are different units, so the two counts do not compare.⁴⁰

• Finance's public list and the two cabinet orders are the same lines.³⁰
• The U.S. July 20 annexes, counted the same way, run to 555 lines: 52 dairy, 63 alcohol, 440 in the motor-vehicles basket. An American tariff line and a Canadian tariff item are different units, so the two counts do not compare.⁴⁰

This is a partial return to broad counter-tariffs. A year earlier, on September 1, 2025, Canada had removed its surtaxes on $30.3 billion of consumer goods and $14.4 billion of other goods, citing supply chains and consumer prices.⁴⁸

• This is a partial return to broad counter-tariffs. A year earlier, on September 1, 2025, Canada had removed its surtaxes on $30.3 billion of consumer goods and $14.4 billion of other goods, citing supply chains and consumer prices.⁴⁸

The charge falls on goods that count as American under the origin rules of CUSMA, the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement that replaced NAFTA in 2020.¹¹ That agreement's first mandatory review fell on July 1, 2026. Canada and Mexico said they wanted it renewed for another 16 years; the United States did not agree, so the three countries now review it every year and it stays in force until 2036.⁶⁴⁷² The records do not say that outcome led to the July 20 proclamations. It sits before them on the timeline.

• The charge falls on goods that count as American under the origin rules of CUSMA, the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement that replaced NAFTA in 2020.¹¹
• That agreement's first mandatory review fell on July 1, 2026. Canada and Mexico said they wanted it renewed for another 16 years; the United States did not agree, so the three countries now review it every year and it stays in force until 2036.⁶⁴⁷²

Who pays, and who loses a market

Who feels it

The Canadian charge is paid at Canada's border by the importer, the business bringing the U.S. goods in, which must declare the surtax and pay it before the goods clear. It applies to commercial and personal shipments alike, small parcels included. What is on the list is what a shopper would recognize: milk powders and cheese, perfume, cotton T-shirts, smartphones, window air conditioners, furniture, and the steel and aluminum that had already been paying 25 percent and now pay 50.¹¹⁹

• The Canadian charge is paid at Canada's border by the importer, the business bringing the U.S. goods in, which must declare the surtax and pay it before the goods clear. It applies to commercial and personal shipments alike, small parcels included. What is on the list is what a shopper would recognize: milk powders and cheese, perfume, cotton T-shirts, smartphones, window air conditioners, furniture, and the steel and aluminum that had already been paying 25 percent and now pay 50.¹¹⁹

Whether that reaches a household's bill is not measured yet. The Bank of Canada, holding its rate at 2.25 percent on September 2, wrote that the new U.S. tariffs and Canada's answer "will also raise costs for some businesses and could feed into consumer prices over time." Its own past work found that tariffs mostly pass through to consumer prices, and its planning scenarios assume three quarters of the cost does within a year and a half. Carney said it plainly on August 22: the step "will raise costs and reduce choice for Canadians", and some U.S. companies and states "are innocent bystanders in a dispute they did not want."⁶⁰⁴⁷⁷

• Whether that reaches a household's bill is not measured yet. The Bank of Canada, holding its rate at 2.25 percent on September 2, wrote that the new U.S. tariffs and Canada's answer "will also raise costs for some businesses and could feed into consumer prices over time." Its own past work found that tariffs mostly pass through to consumer prices, and its planning scenarios assume three quarters of the cost does within a year and a half. Carney said it plainly on August 22: the step "will raise costs and reduce choice for Canadians", and some U.S. companies and states "are innocent bystanders in a dispute they did not want."⁶⁰⁴⁷⁷

Some importers pay nothing. The order does not charge goods already in transit, goods brought in to be re-exported, or imports for Campobello Island, and it refunds the surtax for public health, public safety, and national security uses and for goods used in manufacturing, food processing, and farming. Existing relief for automakers that keep producing in Canada stays in place.¹⁰¹³

• Some importers pay nothing. The order does not charge goods already in transit, goods brought in to be re-exported, or imports for Campobello Island, and it refunds the surtax for public health, public safety, and national security uses and for goods used in manufacturing, food processing, and farming. Existing relief for automakers that keep producing in Canada stays in place.¹⁰¹³

On the Canadian side of the U.S. duties, the C$7.5 billion is aimed at the sectors Carney named as hit hardest, autos, forestry, steel, and aluminum, and comes "on top of nearly $25 billion already delivered". Ontario widened its Protect Ontario Financing Program, up to C$1 billion in loans for payroll, rent, and utilities, to any business whose exports face the new 50 percent, with Premier Doug Ford saying the province "will do whatever it takes to stand up for Ontario workers". Quebec reserved some public contracts for firms with a Quebec or Canadian establishment.⁷⁹⁶²⁶³

• On the Canadian side of the U.S. duties, the C$7.5 billion is aimed at the sectors Carney named as hit hardest, autos, forestry, steel, and aluminum, and comes "on top of nearly $25 billion already delivered". Ontario widened its Protect Ontario Financing Program, up to C$1 billion in loans for payroll, rent, and utilities, to any business whose exports face the new 50 percent, with Premier Doug Ford saying the province "will do whatever it takes to stand up for Ontario workers". Quebec reserved some public contracts for firms with a Quebec or Canadian establishment.⁷⁹⁶²⁶³

The U.S. bans of September 29 fall on a narrower group of Canadian exporters, who do not pay a higher duty but lose the U.S. market for those lines outright: whey and molasses producers, makers of motorcycles over 800 cc, and brewers, wineries, and cider makers selling packaged drinks. From September 15 the U.S. 50 percent list also widens to golf carts, outboard motorboats, seats and furniture, specified cheeses, hides, and furskins, while salt, cement, and refined lead come off. The costs are uneven, and Carney said the U.S. tariffs "will hurt some Canadians more than others, and that was by design."^2021222379

• The U.S. bans of September 29 fall on a narrower group of Canadian exporters, who do not pay a higher duty but lose the U.S. market for those lines outright: whey and molasses producers, makers of motorcycles over 800 cc, and brewers, wineries, and cider makers selling packaged drinks. From September 15 the U.S. 50 percent list also widens to golf carts, outboard motorboats, seats and furniture, specified cheeses, hides, and furskins, while salt, cement, and refined lead come off. The costs are uneven, and Carney said the U.S. tariffs "will hurt some Canadians more than others, and that was by design."^2021222379

Errors first, then what checked out

What the coverage got right, and what it got wrong

Thirteen outlets were checked against the primary records. Nine independent reporting lineages plus one transcript carrier, and fifteen cards below, including a coverage-style row for the September 8 White House fact sheet. PBS carried the Associated Press Toronto dispatch and is not a second lineage. MarketScreener, the Detroit News, and Investing.com carried Reuters. The Winnipeg Free Press carried a transcript of Carney's September 8 video. Errors first.

Dollar for dollar, rate for rate

Claim checked against the record

The same Tuesday in Washington

What happened next

On September 8 the White House went past duties. Three proclamations exclude listed Canadian dairy, motor-vehicle, and alcoholic-beverage products from importation from 12:01 a.m. eastern on September 29.¹⁵ Two more change which goods pay the 50 percent from September 15: 34 lines join the alcoholic-beverages basket and 2 leave it, and the motor-vehicles basket changes the same way.¹⁴³¹

• On September 8 the White House went past duties. Three proclamations exclude listed Canadian dairy, motor-vehicle, and alcoholic-beverage products from importation from 12:01 a.m. eastern on September 29.¹⁵
• Two more change which goods pay the 50 percent from September 15: 34 lines join the alcoholic-beverages basket and 2 leave it, and the motor-vehicles basket changes the same way.¹⁴³¹

That evening Trump went further, on Truth Social: "I am hereby directing the GSA, working with the USTR, to take all necessary steps to REMOVE Canadian-origin products from GSA's Multiple Award Schedules unless Canada restores full and fair reciprocity for American Farmers and Companies."⁵⁴ The schedules are the catalogues federal agencies buy from, and he put them at more than $50 billion a year. The White House fact sheet of September 8 repeats the direction and does not report a removal.³⁸

• That evening Trump went further, on Truth Social: "I am hereby directing the GSA, working with the USTR, to take all necessary steps to REMOVE Canadian-origin products from GSA's Multiple Award Schedules unless Canada restores full and fair reciprocity for American Farmers and Companies."⁵⁴
• The schedules are the catalogues federal agencies buy from, and he put them at more than $50 billion a year. The White House fact sheet of September 8 repeats the direction and does not report a removal.³⁸

He also threatened to block Bombardier, the Canadian planemaker, from selling aircraft in the United States unless it built them there. Bombardier answered that it employs thousands of workers in the United States.⁸⁰

• He also threatened to block Bombardier, the Canadian planemaker, from selling aircraft in the United States unless it built them there. Bombardier answered that it employs thousands of workers in the United States.⁸⁰

Formal talks have not resumed. A spokesman for Dominic LeBlanc, the minister responsible for Canada-U.S. trade, said officials "remain in contact even though formal talks have not resumed."⁷⁴ The next dates are September 15, when the U.S. baskets change, and September 29, when the bans begin.

• Formal talks have not resumed. A spokesman for Dominic LeBlanc, the minister responsible for Canada-U.S. trade, said officials "remain in contact even though formal talks have not resumed."⁷⁴

Open questions

What we do not know yet

How each side valued its list. The White House fact sheet gives no dollar figure for the goods under the July 20 proclamations; the trade representative's statement gives the American figure, "nearly $20 billion in imports from Canada".³⁴ Finance Canada's releases do not say how it reached C$27.6 billion, by tariff code and reference period; the August 27 release from Sarnia repeats the figure without a method.⁵⁰ Finance's table does not match each Canadian rate to the U.S. rate on the same goods, which is what its claim that each rate is "based on the matching U.S. rate for the same goods" would need.⁹

• How each side valued its list. The White House fact sheet gives no dollar figure for the goods under the July 20 proclamations; the trade representative's statement gives the American figure, "nearly $20 billion in imports from Canada".³⁴
• Finance Canada's releases do not say how it reached C$27.6 billion, by tariff code and reference period; the August 27 release from Sarnia repeats the figure without a method.⁵⁰
• Finance's table does not match each Canadian rate to the U.S. rate on the same goods, which is what its claim that each rate is "based on the matching U.S. rate for the same goods" would need.⁹

What the surtax will collect. C$27.6 billion is the value of the listed goods, not money coming in. Goods in transit, goods for re-export, refunds for hospitals, factories, food processors, and farms, and the automaker relief all reduce it, and there is no figure yet for what has come in.¹⁰⁸

• What the surtax will collect. C$27.6 billion is the value of the listed goods, not money coming in. Goods in transit, goods for re-export, refunds for hospitals, factories, food processors, and farms, and the automaker relief all reduce it, and there is no figure yet for what has come in.¹⁰⁸

The dairy-basket change. The proclamation banning Canadian dairy refers to a same-day proclamation changing the dairy basket.¹⁵ As of September 9 the White House's list of presidential actions showed the alcohol-basket change and the dairy ban but no dairy-basket change, and the Federal Register's public-inspection desk listed no such document.⁵²⁵³

• The dairy-basket change. The proclamation banning Canadian dairy refers to a same-day proclamation changing the dairy basket.¹⁵
• As of September 9 the White House's list of presidential actions showed the alcohol-basket change and the dairy ban but no dairy-basket change, and the Federal Register's public-inspection desk listed no such document.⁵²⁵³

Whether the order took effect on September 8. The order comes into force on September 8, or on its registration day if that is later. The customs agency says September 8. The published order does not show a registration date.¹⁰

• Whether the order took effect on September 8. The order comes into force on September 8, or on its registration day if that is later. The customs agency says September 8. The published order does not show a registration date.¹⁰

No Canadian court filing or World Trade Organization complaint on the September 8 measures has been made public.

Sources

The records

Everything this page rests on, numbered where the story cites it. We keep a dated copy of each one.

Primary documents

1. 1White House fact sheet, July 20 · The White House · the 50 percent rate, Section 338, USMCA line, and the three baskets
2. 2Proclamation, alcoholic beverages · July 20, 2026 · the original August 19 effective time and the 50 percent duty
3. 3Proclamation, dairy · July 20, 2026 · the dairy basket and the original August 19 effective time
4. 4Proclamation, motor vehicles · July 20, 2026 · the motor-vehicles basket and the original August 19 effective time
5. 5Proclamation 11056 · Federal Register, August 24 · the three-day delay of the Section 338 duties
6. 6Motor-vehicles proclamation, public inspection PDF · July 20, 2026 · annex language and the August 19 effective time
7. 7Carney remarks, August 22 · Prime Minister of Canada · the match, the Tuesday-after-Labour-Day date, costs and choice, innocent bystanders
8. 8Finance Canada news release, August 25 · Department of Finance Canada · the $27.6 billion, rates, sectors, Champagne quote, $7.5 billion package
9. 9Finance Canada product list, August 26 · Department of Finance Canada · the 629-line table, rates, perfume, cheese, smartphones, T-shirts, air conditioners
10. 10Order in Council PC 2026-0785 · September 4, 2026 · the 15/25/50 percent schedules, in-transit exception, coming into force
11. 11CBSA Customs Notice 26-23 · September 7, 2026 · origin rule, in-transit proof, de minimis, remission framework
12. 12CBSA Customs Notice 25-11 · updated September 7, 2026 · the steel and aluminum rate increase to 50 percent
13. 13Canada Gazette motor-vehicle remission, 2026 · SI/2026-13 · the vehicle remission window through April 8, 2027
14. 14Proclamation modifying motor-vehicles scope · September 8, 2026 · the September 15 effective date
15. 15Proclamation excluding dairy-basket goods · September 8, 2026 · the August 22 lapse of the pause and the September 29 exclusion
16. 16Proclamation excluding motor-vehicles-basket goods · September 8, 2026 · the September 29 exclusion
17. 17Proclamation excluding Canadian alcoholic beverages, September 8 · September 8, 2026 · the September 29 import exclusion of certain Canadian alcoholic beverages
18. 18Finance Canada steel and aluminum tariffs page · Department of Finance Canada · the non-stackable rule among steel and aluminum surtaxes
19. 19Finance Canada complete list page · updated August 26, 2026 · the page that calls itself the authoritative source for the list
20. 20Dairy exclusion annex, September 8 · The White House · the Canadian whey, molasses, and non-alcoholic beer lines barred from September 29
21. 21Motor-vehicles exclusion annex, September 8 · The White House · the Canadian motorcycle line barred from September 29
22. 22Alcohol exclusion annex, September 8 · The White House · the packaged Canadian beer, wine, cider, and other drinks barred from September 29
23. 23Motor-vehicles scope annex I, September 8 · The White House · the lines added at 50 percent and the lines removed from September 15
24. 24Motor-vehicles scope annex II, September 8 · The White House · the HTSUS modifications for the September 15 change
25. 25Finance Canada product list, August 25 archive · recovered August 25, 2026 · the 874-line table and the 12:01 a.m. effective time
26. 26Finance Canada media advisory, August 24 · Department of Finance Canada · the news conference notice; no transcript is saved
27. 27Congressional and Presidential Authority to Impose Import Tariffs, R48435 · Congressional Research Service · CRS in February 2025: the United States had never imposed tariffs under Section 338
28. 28Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump, No. 24-1287 · Supreme Court of the United States · the February 20, 2026 holding that IEEPA does not authorize tariffs
29. 29Ambassador Greer Issues Statement on Supreme Court IEEPA Decision · Office of the United States Trade Representative · USTR's list of alternative tariff tools after the IEEPA decision
30. 30Order Amending the United States Surtax Order (Steel and Aluminum 2025), PC 2026-0786 · Government of Canada, Orders in Council · the second Canadian order: steel and aluminum schedules raised to 50 percent, in force with the 2026 surtax order
31. 31Modifying the Scope of Products of Canada, Alcoholic Beverages · The White House · the September 8 alcohol-basket scope change from September 15
32. 32Annex I to the alcoholic-beverages scope-modification proclamation · The White House · the 34 added and 2 removed HTSUS lines in the alcohol-scope annex
33. 33Annex II to the alcoholic-beverages scope-modification proclamation · The White House · the HTSUS modifications for the alcohol-scope change
34. 34Ambassador Greer Issues Statement on President Trump Imposing Section 338 Tariffs on Canada · Office of the United States Trade Representative · USTR's nearly $20 billion figure for the July 20 Section 338 actions
35. 35Forward Guidance: A Stronger Canada, YouTube watch page · YouTube, Prime Minister of Canada · the YouTube watch page for Carney's September 8 video; the video file itself was not saved
36. 36White House presidential-actions listing · The White House · the September 8 listing searched for a dairy-scope proclamation
37. 3719 U.S.C. 1338, Discrimination by foreign countries · United States Code, Office of the Law Revision Counsel · Section 338's thirty-day clause for new or additional duties
38. 38Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Responds to Canada's Retaliation · The White House · the $50 billion GSA Multiple Award Schedules direction
39. 39Canada Dairy TRQ Allocation Measures, final panel report CDA-USA-2021-31-010 · USMCA dispute settlement panel · the 2021 panel finding that processor-only dairy TRQ pools were inconsistent with USMCA
40. 40Annex I to the July 20 dairy Section 338 proclamation · The White House · the July 20 dairy-basket HTSUS line list, 52 unique codes
41. 41Annex I to the July 20 alcoholic-beverages Section 338 proclamation · The White House · the July 20 alcohol-basket HTSUS line list, 63 unique codes
42. 42Annex I to the July 20 motor-vehicles Section 338 proclamation · The White House · the July 20 motor-vehicles-basket HTSUS line list, 440 unique codes
43. 43Annex II to the July 20 dairy Section 338 proclamation · The White House · the July 20 dairy HTSUS modifications
44. 44Annex II to the July 20 alcoholic-beverages Section 338 proclamation · The White House · the July 20 alcohol HTSUS modifications
45. 45Annex II to the July 20 motor-vehicles Section 338 proclamation · The White House · the July 20 motor-vehicles HTSUS modifications
46. 46Spring Economic Update 2026: Our plan: Canada strong for all · Department of Finance Canada · the Spring 2026 update's 85 percent tariff-free line and chart 0.7 average-tariff table, dated before July 20
47. 47Assessing tariff pass-through to consumer prices in Canada: Lessons from 2018, staff analytical note 2025-18 · Bank of Canada · the 2018 pass-through finding and the separate April 2025 75 percent assumption
48. 48Order Amending and Repealing Certain Orders Made Under the Customs Tariff (United States Surtax), SOR/2025-181 · Canada Gazette · the September 1, 2025 removal of $30.3 billion and $14.4 billion of counter-tariffs
49. 49Prime Minister Carney meets with European Council President António Costa and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen · Prime Minister of Canada · the June 15, 2026 Marconi SAFE announcement the video later places in July
50. 50The Government of Canada highlights targeted countermeasures and substantive support for workers and businesses in response to U.S. tariffs in Sarnia · Department of Finance Canada · the August 27 Finance release searched for a C$27.6 billion methodology; it repeats the figure and does not give one
51. 51News: Department of Finance Canada · Department of Finance Canada · the Finance news landing searched on September 9 for an August 25 to 28 methodology page
52. 52White House presidential-actions listing, saved September 9 · The White House · the September 9 search of the presidential-actions listing for a dairy-scope proclamation
53. 53Federal Register documents currently on public inspection · Federal Register · the September 9 Federal Register public-inspection page searched for a dairy-scope proclamation
54. 54Trump's Truth Social post, September 8 · Truth Social, as archived by trump-archive.com · the GSA direction in the President's own words

Official data

55. 55Census Bureau goods with Canada · saved September 8, 2026 · 2025 exports 333,619.7 and imports 381,922.1 million dollars
56. 56Census c1220 CSV · saved September 8, 2026 · the 2025 annual line used in the share arithmetic
57. 57USTR Canada page · USTR · the $333.6 billion and $381.9 billion 2025 goods totals
58. 58Statistics Canada Daily, December 2025 · released February 19, 2026 · the 71.7 percent export share and $81.6 billion surplus
59. 59White House, Ending Canada's Free Ride, August 25 · The White House · the U.S. reply to the Finance announcement, in the White House's own words
60. 60Bank of Canada rate decision, September 2 · Bank of Canada · the Bank's line that new U.S. tariffs and Canadian counter-tariffs will raise costs and could feed into consumer prices
61. 61Bank of Canada USD/CAD, August 25 · Bank of Canada valet · the 1.3839 rate used to convert C$27.6 billion and C$7.5 billion
62. 62Ontario newsroom release, August 24 · Office of the Premier of Ontario · Ontario's loan program widened to firms hit by the new duties, in the premier's words
63. 63Quebec government release, September 7 · Gouvernement du Québec · the provincial public-procurement measures as Canadian counter-tariffs take effect
64. 64CUSMA joint-review page · Global Affairs Canada · the July 1, 2026 review date and that the agreement remains in force until 2036
65. 65Census state trade data page · saved September 9, 2026 · the Census state-data landing page
66. 66Census origin-of-movement index · saved September 9, 2026 · the index of origin-of-movement tables by state
67. 67Census origin-of-movement spreadsheet, December 2025 · saved September 9, 2026 · state export totals to all countries, not destination Canada
68. 68Census origin-of-movement PDF, December 2025 · saved September 9, 2026 · the PDF of the same origin-of-movement table
69. 69CBP CSMS 69606660, August 21 · U.S. Customs and Border Protection · CBP's August 21 heading rates: 50 percent additional on 9903.03.12 to 9903.03.14, 0 percent additional on 9903.03.15 and 9903.03.16
70. 70Major Projects Office, projects and transformative strategies · Privy Council Office · the office's $192 billion new investment and $500 billion future private sector investment
71. 71Canada announces targeted countermeasures and substantive support for workers and businesses in response to U.S. tariffs · Employment and Social Development Canada · the August 28 federal release that still listed fish and seafood at 25 percent
72. 72Monthly trade report: May 2026 · Global Affairs Canada, Office of the Chief Economist · the July 1 CUSMA review outcome: the United States declined a 16-year renewal
73. 73USMCA Panel Releases Canada Dairy Report; Biden-Harris Administration Will Continue Seeking Full USMCA Benefits for U.S. Dairy · Office of the United States Trade Representative · the 2023 panel majority that Canada's revised dairy measures were not inconsistent with the cited USMCA provisions

Coverage checked

74. 74Associated Press, September 8 · published September 8, 2026 · the $20 billion / 6 percent arithmetic and the GSA direction
75. 75The Hill, September 8 · published September 8, 2026 · the 700-product claim and the 6 percent line next to $27.6 billion
76. 76The Guardian, September 7 · published September 7, 2026 · the C$ label and the in-transit quotation
77. 77USA Today, September 8 · published September 8, 2026 · the 5 percent of Canadian imports claim
78. 78PBS NewsHour, September 8 · published September 8, 2026 · the AP Toronto dispatch as carried by PBS
79. 79Winnipeg Free Press, Forward Guidance transcript · published September 8, 2026 · Carney's September 8 words
80. 80Al Jazeera, September 8 · published September 8, 2026 · the $5.42 billion support figure and the GSA Truth Social quotation
81. 81CNBC, September 8 · published September 8, 2026 · the $27.6 billion figure as carried on September 8
82. 82BBC, August 25 · published August 25, 2026 · the nearly C$28bn ($20bn; £15bn) conversion and the C$7.5bn support figure
83. 83Reuters via MarketScreener, August 25 · published August 25, 2026 · the $20 billion coverage line as Reuters carried it
84. 84Detroit News (Reuters), August 25 · published August 25, 2026 · the Reuters dispatch as carried by the Detroit News, including C$27.6 billion ($19.94 billion)
85. 85Ottawa removes seafood from counter-tariffs list, adds copper wire and charcoal · CBC News · CBC's account that Finance dropped seafood after industry feedback and added copper wire, charcoal, plaster, and printed photographs
86. 86Canada excludes US seafood from retaliatory tariffs · Reuters, as carried by Investing.com · the Reuters dispatch on the seafood removal, saved from Investing.com
87. 87Untested in court, Trump's new tariffs on Canada raise legal questions · Associated Press · AP's report that Section 338 has never been used, let alone tested in court

How we check.

Sources

• Prime Minister of Canada · August 22, 2026 · Prime Minister Carney delivers remarks on Canada-U.S. trade negotiations
• The White House · September 8, 2026 · Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Responds to Canada's Retaliation
• Statistics Canada · February 19, 2026 · The Daily: Canadian international merchandise trade, December 2025
• Department of Finance Canada · August 25, 2026 · Canada announces targeted countermeasures
• Privy Council Office · September 4, 2026 · United States Surtax Order (2026), PC 2026-0785
• The White House · July 20, 2026 · Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Imposes Additional Tariffs on Canada
• U.S. Census Bureau · September 8, 2026 · U.S. Census Bureau, Trade in Goods with Canada
• Office of the United States Trade Representative · July 20, 2026 · Ambassador Greer Issues Statement on President Trump Imposing Section 338 Tariffs on Canada
• The White House · September 8, 2026 · Excluding Certain Canadian Products from Importation, Dairy
• Bank of Canada · August 25, 2026 · Bank of Canada USD/CAD daily average, August 25, 2026